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3.1 What to Put Where 3.2 a.out backends 3.3 coff backends 3.4 ELF backends elf backends 3.5 mmo backend
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Description
BFD supports a number of different flavours of a.out format,
though the major differences are only the sizes of the
structures on disk, and the shape of the relocation
information.
The support is split into a basic support file `aoutx.h' and other files which derive functions from the base. One derivation file is `aoutf1.h' (for a.out flavour 1), and adds to the basic a.out functions support for sun3, sun4, 386 and 29k a.out files, to create a target jump vector for a specific target.
This information is further split out into more specific files for each machine, including `sunos.c' for sun3 and sun4, `newsos3.c' for the Sony NEWS, and `demo64.c' for a demonstration of a 64 bit a.out format.
The base file `aoutx.h' defines general mechanisms for
reading and writing records to and from disk and various
other methods which BFD requires. It is included by
`aout32.c' and `aout64.c' to form the names
aout_32_swap_exec_header_in
, aout_64_swap_exec_header_in
, etc.
As an example, this is what goes on to make the back end for a sun4, from `aout32.c':
#define ARCH_SIZE 32 #include "aoutx.h" |
Which exports names:
... aout_32_canonicalize_reloc aout_32_find_nearest_line aout_32_get_lineno aout_32_get_reloc_upper_bound ... |
from `sunos.c':
#define TARGET_NAME "a.out-sunos-big" #define VECNAME sunos_big_vec #include "aoutf1.h" |
requires all the names from `aout32.c', and produces the jump vector
sunos_big_vec |
The file `host-aout.c' is a special case. It is for a large set of hosts that use "more or less standard" a.out files, and for which cross-debugging is not interesting. It uses the standard 32-bit a.out support routines, but determines the file offsets and addresses of the text, data, and BSS sections, the machine architecture and machine type, and the entry point address, in a host-dependent manner. Once these values have been determined, generic code is used to handle the object file.
When porting it to run on a new system, you must supply:
HOST_PAGE_SIZE HOST_SEGMENT_SIZE HOST_MACHINE_ARCH (optional) HOST_MACHINE_MACHINE (optional) HOST_TEXT_START_ADDR HOST_STACK_END_ADDR |
in the file `../include/sys/h-XXX.h' (for your host). These values, plus the structures and macros defined in `a.out.h' on your host system, will produce a BFD target that will access ordinary a.out files on your host. To configure a new machine to use `host-aout.c', specify:
TDEFAULTS = -DDEFAULT_VECTOR=host_aout_big_vec TDEPFILES= host-aout.o trad-core.o |
in the `config/XXX.mt' file, and modify `configure.in'
to use the
`XXX.mt' file (by setting "bfd_target=XXX
") when your
configuration is selected.
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Description
The file `aoutx.h' provides for both the standard
and extended forms of a.out relocation records.
The standard records contain only an address, a symbol index, and a type field. The extended records (used on 29ks and sparcs) also have a full integer for an addend.
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Description
`aoutx.h' exports several routines for accessing the
contents of an a.out file, which are gathered and exported in
turn by various format specific files (eg sunos.c).
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aout_size_swap_exec_header_in
void aout_size_swap_exec_header_in, (bfd *abfd, struct external_exec *bytes, struct internal_exec *execp); |
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aout_size_swap_exec_header_out
void aout_size_swap_exec_header_out (bfd *abfd, struct internal_exec *execp, struct external_exec *raw_bytes); |
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aout_size_some_aout_object_p
const bfd_target *aout_size_some_aout_object_p (bfd *abfd, struct internal_exec *execp, const bfd_target *(*callback_to_real_object_p) (bfd *)); |
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aout_size_mkobject
bfd_boolean aout_size_mkobject, (bfd *abfd); |
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aout_size_machine_type
enum machine_type aout_size_machine_type (enum bfd_architecture arch, unsigned long machine, bfd_boolean *unknown); |
machine_type
for a particular
architecture and machine, or M_UNKNOWN
if that exact architecture
and machine can't be represented in a.out format.
If the architecture is understood, machine type 0 (default) is always understood.
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aout_size_set_arch_mach
bfd_boolean aout_size_set_arch_mach, (bfd *, enum bfd_architecture arch, unsigned long machine); |
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aout_size_new_section_hook
bfd_boolean aout_size_new_section_hook, (bfd *abfd, asection *newsect); |
bfd_make_section
request.
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Coff in all its varieties is implemented with a few common
files and a number of implementation specific files. For
example, The 88k bcs coff format is implemented in the file
`coff-m88k.c'. This file #include
s
`coff/m88k.h' which defines the external structure of the
coff format for the 88k, and `coff/internal.h' which
defines the internal structure. `coff-m88k.c' also
defines the relocations used by the 88k format
See section 2.10 Relocations.
The Intel i960 processor version of coff is implemented in `coff-i960.c'. This file has the same structure as `coff-m88k.c', except that it includes `coff/i960.h' rather than `coff-m88k.h'.
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#ifdef
s to the code in `coff/internal.h' and
`coffcode.h' if your version of coff is too wild.
You can verify that your new BFD backend works quite simply by
building `objdump' from the `binutils' directory,
and making sure that its version of what's going on and your
host system's idea (assuming it has the pretty standard coff
dump utility, usually called att-dump
or just
dump
) are the same. Then clean up your code, and send
what you've done to Cygnus. Then your stuff will be in the
next release, and you won't have to keep integrating it.
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The generic routines are in `coffgen.c'. These routines
work for any Coff target. They use some hooks into the target
specific code; the hooks are in a bfd_coff_backend_data
structure, one of which exists for each target.
The essentially similar target-specific routines are in `coffcode.h'. This header file includes executable C code. The various Coff targets first include the appropriate Coff header file, make any special defines that are needed, and then include `coffcode.h'.
Some of the Coff targets then also have additional routines in the target source file itself.
For example, `coff-i960.c' includes
`coff/internal.h' and `coff/i960.h'. It then
defines a few constants, such as I960
, and includes
`coffcode.h'. Since the i960 has complex relocation
types, `coff-i960.c' also includes some code to
manipulate the i960 relocs. This code is not in
`coffcode.h' because it would not be used by any other
target.
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s_name
field of the
SCNHDR
section header structure. The format requires the
field to be NUL-padded, but not necessarily NUL-terminated, so
the longest section names permitted are a full eight characters.
The Microsoft PE variants of the Coff object file format add
an extension to support the use of long section names. This
extension is defined in section 4 of the Microsoft PE/COFF
specification (rev 8.1). If a section name is too long to fit
into the section header's s_name
field, it is instead
placed into the string table, and the s_name
field is
filled with a slash ("/") followed by the ASCII decimal
representation of the offset of the full name relative to the
string table base.
Note that this implies that the extension can only be used in object files, as executables do not contain a string table. The standard specifies that long section names from objects emitted into executable images are to be truncated.
However, as a GNU extension, BFD can generate executable images that contain a string table and long section names. This would appear to be technically valid, as the standard only says that Coff debugging information is deprecated, not forbidden, and in practice it works, although some tools that parse PE files expecting the MS standard format may become confused; `PEview' is one known example.
The functionality is supported in BFD by code implemented under
the control of the macro COFF_LONG_SECTION_NAMES
. If not
defined, the format does not support long section names in any way.
If defined, it is used to initialise a flag,
_bfd_coff_long_section_names
, and a hook function pointer,
_bfd_coff_set_long_section_names
, in the Coff backend data
structure. The flag controls the generation of long section names
in output BFDs at runtime; if it is false, as it will be by default
when generating an executable image, long section names are truncated;
if true, the long section names extension is employed. The hook
points to a function that allows the value of the flag to be altered
at runtime, on formats that support long section names at all; on
other formats it points to a stub that returns an error indication.
With input BFDs, the flag is set according to whether any long section names are detected while reading the section headers. For a completely new BFD, the flag is set to the default for the target format. This information can be used by a client of the BFD library when deciding what output format to generate, and means that a BFD that is opened for read and subsequently converted to a writeable BFD and modified in-place will retain whatever format it had on input.
If COFF_LONG_SECTION_NAMES
is simply defined (blank), or is
defined to the value "1", then long section names are enabled by
default; if it is defined to the value zero, they are disabled by
default (but still accepted in input BFDs). The header `coffcode.h'
defines a macro, COFF_DEFAULT_LONG_SECTION_NAMES
, which is
used in the backends to initialise the backend data structure fields
appropriately; see the comments for further detail.
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bfd_swap
_thing_direction routines. Some
elements are different sizes between different versions of
coff; it is the duty of the coff version specific include file
to override the definitions of various packing routines in
`coffcode.h'. E.g., the size of line number entry in coff is
sometimes 16 bits, and sometimes 32 bits. #define
ing
PUT_LNSZ_LNNO
and GET_LNSZ_LNNO
will select the
correct one. No doubt, some day someone will find a version of
coff which has a varying field size not catered to at the
moment. To port BFD, that person will have to add more #defines
.
Three of the bit twiddling routines are exported to
gdb
; coff_swap_aux_in
, coff_swap_sym_in
and coff_swap_lineno_in
. GDB
reads the symbol
table on its own, but uses BFD to fix things up. More of the
bit twiddlers are exported for gas
;
coff_swap_aux_out
, coff_swap_sym_out
,
coff_swap_lineno_out
, coff_swap_reloc_out
,
coff_swap_filehdr_out
, coff_swap_aouthdr_out
,
coff_swap_scnhdr_out
. Gas
currently keeps track
of all the symbol table and reloc drudgery itself, thereby
saving the internal BFD overhead, but uses BFD to swap things
on the way out, making cross ports much safer. Doing so also
allows BFD (and thus the linker) to use the same header files
as gas
, which makes one avenue to disaster disappear.
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When a symbol table is requested (through a call to
bfd_canonicalize_symtab
), a request gets through to
coff_get_normalized_symtab
. This reads the symbol table from
the coff file and swaps all the structures inside into the
internal form. It also fixes up all the pointers in the table
(represented in the file by offsets from the first symbol in
the table) into physical pointers to elements in the new
internal table. This involves some work since the meanings of
fields change depending upon context: a field that is a
pointer to another structure in the symbol table at one moment
may be the size in bytes of a structure at the next. Another
pass is made over the table. All symbols which mark file names
(C_FILE
symbols) are modified so that the internal
string points to the value in the auxent (the real filename)
rather than the normal text associated with the symbol
(".file"
).
At this time the symbol names are moved around. Coff stores all symbols less than nine characters long physically within the symbol table; longer strings are kept at the end of the file in the string table. This pass moves all strings into memory and replaces them with pointers to the strings.
The symbol table is massaged once again, this time to create
the canonical table used by the BFD application. Each symbol
is inspected in turn, and a decision made (using the
sclass
field) about the various flags to set in the
asymbol
. See section 2.7 Symbols. The generated canonical table
shares strings with the hidden internal symbol table.
Any linenumbers are read from the coff file too, and attached to the symbols which own the functions the linenumbers belong to.
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asymbol
structure remembers the BFD from which the symbol was taken, and on
output the back end makes sure that the same destination target as
source target is present.
When the symbols have come from a coff file then all the debugging information is preserved.
Symbol tables are provided for writing to the back end in a vector of pointers to pointers. This allows applications like the linker to accumulate and output large symbol tables without having to do too much byte copying.
This function runs through the provided symbol table and
patches each symbol marked as a file place holder
(C_FILE
) to point to the next file place holder in the
list. It also marks each offset
field in the list with
the offset from the first symbol of the current symbol.
Another function of this procedure is to turn the canonical
value form of BFD into the form used by coff. Internally, BFD
expects symbol values to be offsets from a section base; so a
symbol physically at 0x120, but in a section starting at
0x100, would have the value 0x20. Coff expects symbols to
contain their final value, so symbols have their values
changed at this point to reflect their sum with their owning
section. This transformation uses the
output_section
field of the asymbol
's
asection
See section 2.6 Sections.
coff_mangle_symbols
coff_write_symbols
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coff_symbol_type
asymbol
is described in a
combined_entry_type
:
typedef struct coff_ptr_struct { /* Remembers the offset from the first symbol in the file for this symbol. Generated by coff_renumber_symbols. */ unsigned int offset; /* Should the value of this symbol be renumbered. Used for XCOFF C_BSTAT symbols. Set by coff_slurp_symbol_table. */ unsigned int fix_value : 1; /* Should the tag field of this symbol be renumbered. Created by coff_pointerize_aux. */ unsigned int fix_tag : 1; /* Should the endidx field of this symbol be renumbered. Created by coff_pointerize_aux. */ unsigned int fix_end : 1; /* Should the x_csect.x_scnlen field be renumbered. Created by coff_pointerize_aux. */ unsigned int fix_scnlen : 1; /* Fix up an XCOFF C_BINCL/C_EINCL symbol. The value is the index into the line number entries. Set by coff_slurp_symbol_table. */ unsigned int fix_line : 1; /* The container for the symbol structure as read and translated from the file. */ union { union internal_auxent auxent; struct internal_syment syment; } u; } combined_entry_type; /* Each canonical asymbol really looks like this: */ typedef struct coff_symbol_struct { /* The actual symbol which the rest of BFD works with */ asymbol symbol; /* A pointer to the hidden information for this symbol */ combined_entry_type *native; /* A pointer to the linenumber information for this symbol */ struct lineno_cache_entry *lineno; /* Have the line numbers been relocated yet ? */ bfd_boolean done_lineno; } coff_symbol_type; |
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bfd_coff_backend_data
/* COFF symbol classifications. */ enum coff_symbol_classification { /* Global symbol. */ COFF_SYMBOL_GLOBAL, /* Common symbol. */ COFF_SYMBOL_COMMON, /* Undefined symbol. */ COFF_SYMBOL_UNDEFINED, /* Local symbol. */ COFF_SYMBOL_LOCAL, /* PE section symbol. */ COFF_SYMBOL_PE_SECTION }; |
typedef struct { void (*_bfd_coff_swap_aux_in) (bfd *, void *, int, int, int, int, void *); void (*_bfd_coff_swap_sym_in) (bfd *, void *, void *); void (*_bfd_coff_swap_lineno_in) (bfd *, void *, void *); unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_aux_out) (bfd *, void *, int, int, int, int, void *); unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_sym_out) (bfd *, void *, void *); unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_lineno_out) (bfd *, void *, void *); unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_reloc_out) (bfd *, void *, void *); unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_out) (bfd *, void *, void *); unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_out) (bfd *, void *, void *); unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_out) (bfd *, void *, void *); unsigned int _bfd_filhsz; unsigned int _bfd_aoutsz; unsigned int _bfd_scnhsz; unsigned int _bfd_symesz; unsigned int _bfd_auxesz; unsigned int _bfd_relsz; unsigned int _bfd_linesz; unsigned int _bfd_filnmlen; bfd_boolean _bfd_coff_long_filenames; bfd_boolean _bfd_coff_long_section_names; bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_set_long_section_names) (bfd *, int); unsigned int _bfd_coff_default_section_alignment_power; bfd_boolean _bfd_coff_force_symnames_in_strings; unsigned int _bfd_coff_debug_string_prefix_length; void (*_bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_in) (bfd *, void *, void *); void (*_bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_in) (bfd *, void *, void *); void (*_bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_in) (bfd *, void *, void *); void (*_bfd_coff_swap_reloc_in) (bfd *abfd, void *, void *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_bad_format_hook) (bfd *, void *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_set_arch_mach_hook) (bfd *, void *); void * (*_bfd_coff_mkobject_hook) (bfd *, void *, void *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_styp_to_sec_flags_hook) (bfd *, void *, const char *, asection *, flagword *); void (*_bfd_set_alignment_hook) (bfd *, asection *, void *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_slurp_symbol_table) (bfd *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_symname_in_debug) (bfd *, struct internal_syment *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_pointerize_aux_hook) (bfd *, combined_entry_type *, combined_entry_type *, unsigned int, combined_entry_type *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_print_aux) (bfd *, FILE *, combined_entry_type *, combined_entry_type *, combined_entry_type *, unsigned int); void (*_bfd_coff_reloc16_extra_cases) (bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, struct bfd_link_order *, arelent *, bfd_byte *, unsigned int *, unsigned int *); int (*_bfd_coff_reloc16_estimate) (bfd *, asection *, arelent *, unsigned int, struct bfd_link_info *); enum coff_symbol_classification (*_bfd_coff_classify_symbol) (bfd *, struct internal_syment *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_compute_section_file_positions) (bfd *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_start_final_link) (bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_relocate_section) (bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, bfd *, asection *, bfd_byte *, struct internal_reloc *, struct internal_syment *, asection **); reloc_howto_type *(*_bfd_coff_rtype_to_howto) (bfd *, asection *, struct internal_reloc *, struct coff_link_hash_entry *, struct internal_syment *, bfd_vma *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_adjust_symndx) (bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, bfd *, asection *, struct internal_reloc *, bfd_boolean *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_link_add_one_symbol) (struct bfd_link_info *, bfd *, const char *, flagword, asection *, bfd_vma, const char *, bfd_boolean, bfd_boolean, struct bfd_link_hash_entry **); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_link_output_has_begun) (bfd *, struct coff_final_link_info *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_final_link_postscript) (bfd *, struct coff_final_link_info *); bfd_boolean (*_bfd_coff_print_pdata) (bfd *, void *); } bfd_coff_backend_data; #define coff_backend_info(abfd) \ ((bfd_coff_backend_data *) (abfd)->xvec->backend_data) #define bfd_coff_swap_aux_in(a,e,t,c,ind,num,i) \ ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_swap_aux_in) (a,e,t,c,ind,num,i)) #define bfd_coff_swap_sym_in(a,e,i) \ ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_swap_sym_in) (a,e,i)) #define bfd_coff_swap_lineno_in(a,e,i) \ ((coff_backend_info ( a)->_bfd_coff_swap_lineno_in) (a,e,i)) #define bfd_coff_swap_reloc_out(abfd, i, o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_reloc_out) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_lineno_out(abfd, i, o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_lineno_out) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_aux_out(a,i,t,c,ind,num,o) \ ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_swap_aux_out) (a,i,t,c,ind,num,o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_sym_out(abfd, i,o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_sym_out) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_out(abfd, i,o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_out) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_out(abfd, i,o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_out) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_out(abfd, i,o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_out) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_filhsz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_filhsz) #define bfd_coff_aoutsz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_aoutsz) #define bfd_coff_scnhsz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_scnhsz) #define bfd_coff_symesz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_symesz) #define bfd_coff_auxesz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_auxesz) #define bfd_coff_relsz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_relsz) #define bfd_coff_linesz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_linesz) #define bfd_coff_filnmlen(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_filnmlen) #define bfd_coff_long_filenames(abfd) \ (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_long_filenames) #define bfd_coff_long_section_names(abfd) \ (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_long_section_names) #define bfd_coff_set_long_section_names(abfd, enable) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_set_long_section_names) (abfd, enable)) #define bfd_coff_default_section_alignment_power(abfd) \ (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_default_section_alignment_power) #define bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_in(abfd, i,o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_in) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_in(abfd, i,o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_in) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_in(abfd, i,o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_in) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_swap_reloc_in(abfd, i, o) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_reloc_in) (abfd, i, o)) #define bfd_coff_bad_format_hook(abfd, filehdr) \ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_bad_format_hook) (abfd, filehdr)) #define bfd_coff_set_arch_mach_hook(abfd, filehdr)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_set_arch_mach_hook) (abfd, filehdr)) #define bfd_coff_mkobject_hook(abfd, filehdr, aouthdr)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_mkobject_hook)\ (abfd, filehdr, aouthdr)) #define bfd_coff_styp_to_sec_flags_hook(abfd, scnhdr, name, section, flags_ptr)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_styp_to_sec_flags_hook)\ (abfd, scnhdr, name, section, flags_ptr)) #define bfd_coff_set_alignment_hook(abfd, sec, scnhdr)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_set_alignment_hook) (abfd, sec, scnhdr)) #define bfd_coff_slurp_symbol_table(abfd)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_slurp_symbol_table) (abfd)) #define bfd_coff_symname_in_debug(abfd, sym)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_symname_in_debug) (abfd, sym)) #define bfd_coff_force_symnames_in_strings(abfd)\ (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_force_symnames_in_strings) #define bfd_coff_debug_string_prefix_length(abfd)\ (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_debug_string_prefix_length) #define bfd_coff_print_aux(abfd, file, base, symbol, aux, indaux)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_print_aux)\ (abfd, file, base, symbol, aux, indaux)) #define bfd_coff_reloc16_extra_cases(abfd, link_info, link_order,\ reloc, data, src_ptr, dst_ptr)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_reloc16_extra_cases)\ (abfd, link_info, link_order, reloc, data, src_ptr, dst_ptr)) #define bfd_coff_reloc16_estimate(abfd, section, reloc, shrink, link_info)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_reloc16_estimate)\ (abfd, section, reloc, shrink, link_info)) #define bfd_coff_classify_symbol(abfd, sym)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_classify_symbol)\ (abfd, sym)) #define bfd_coff_compute_section_file_positions(abfd)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_compute_section_file_positions)\ (abfd)) #define bfd_coff_start_final_link(obfd, info)\ ((coff_backend_info (obfd)->_bfd_coff_start_final_link)\ (obfd, info)) #define bfd_coff_relocate_section(obfd,info,ibfd,o,con,rel,isyms,secs)\ ((coff_backend_info (ibfd)->_bfd_coff_relocate_section)\ (obfd, info, ibfd, o, con, rel, isyms, secs)) #define bfd_coff_rtype_to_howto(abfd, sec, rel, h, sym, addendp)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_rtype_to_howto)\ (abfd, sec, rel, h, sym, addendp)) #define bfd_coff_adjust_symndx(obfd, info, ibfd, sec, rel, adjustedp)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_adjust_symndx)\ (obfd, info, ibfd, sec, rel, adjustedp)) #define bfd_coff_link_add_one_symbol(info, abfd, name, flags, section,\ value, string, cp, coll, hashp)\ ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_link_add_one_symbol)\ (info, abfd, name, flags, section, value, string, cp, coll, hashp)) #define bfd_coff_link_output_has_begun(a,p) \ ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_link_output_has_begun) (a, p)) #define bfd_coff_final_link_postscript(a,p) \ ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_final_link_postscript) (a, p)) #define bfd_coff_have_print_pdata(a) \ (coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_print_pdata) #define bfd_coff_print_pdata(a,p) \ ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_print_pdata) (a, p)) /* Macro: Returns true if the bfd is a PE executable as opposed to a PE object file. */ #define bfd_pei_p(abfd) \ (CONST_STRNEQ ((abfd)->xvec->name, "pei-")) |
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internal_reloc
. The symbol index to use is removed from
the offset
field in the symbol table supplied. The
address comes directly from the sum of the section base
address and the relocation offset; the type is dug directly
from the howto field. Then the internal_reloc
is
swapped into the shape of an external_reloc
and written
out to disk.
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A coff linenumber table is structured so that each function is marked as having a line number of 0. Each line within the function is an offset from the first line in the function. The base of the line number information for the table is stored in the symbol associated with the function.
Note: The PE format uses line number 0 for a flag indicating a new source file.
The information is copied from the external to the internal table, and each symbol which marks a function is marked by pointing its...
How does this work ?
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arelent
).
Reading a coff relocation table is done in the following stages:
bfd_canonicalize_symtab
. The back end will call that
routine and save the result if a canonicalization hasn't been done.
r_type
to directly produce an index
into a howto table vector; the 88k subtracts a number from the
r_type
field and creates an addend field.
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Documentation of the internals of the support code still needs to be written. The code is changing quickly enough that we haven't bothered yet.
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mmix
which is available at
http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/programs/mmix.tar.gz
understands this format. That package also includes a combined
assembler and linker called mmixal
. The mmo format has
no advantages feature-wise compared to e.g. ELF. It is a simple
non-relocatable object format with no support for archives or
debugging information, except for symbol value information and
line numbers (which is not yet implemented in BFD). See
http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/mmix.html for more
information about MMIX. The ELF format is used for intermediate
object files in the BFD implementation.
3.5.1 File layout 3.5.2 Symbol table format 3.5.3 mmo section mapping
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There is provision for specifying "special data" of 65536
different types. We use type 80 (decimal), arbitrarily chosen the
same as the ELF e_machine
number for MMIX, filling it with
section information normally found in ELF objects. See section 3.5.3 mmo section mapping.
Contents is entered as 32-bit words, xor:ed over previous contents, always zero-initialized. A word that starts with the byte `0x98' forms a command called a `lopcode', where the next byte distinguished between the thirteen lopcodes. The two remaining bytes, called the `Y' and `Z' fields, or the `YZ' field (a 16-bit big-endian number), are used for various purposes different for each lopcode. As documented in http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/mmixal-intro.ps.gz, the lopcodes are:
lop_quote
lop_loc
lop_skip
lop_fixo
lop_fixr
lop_fixrx
lop_file
lop_line
lop_spec
Other types than 80, (or type 80 with a content that does not
parse) is stored in sections named .MMIX.spec_data.n
where n is the `YZ'-type. The flags for such a
sections say not to allocate or load the data. The vma is 0.
Contents of multiple occurrences of special data n is
concatenated to the data of the previous lop_spec ns. The
location in data or code at which the lop_spec occurred is lost.
lop_pre
lop_post
lop_stab
lop_end
Note that the lopcode "fixups"; lop_fixr
, lop_fixrx
and
lop_fixo
are not generated by BFD, but are handled. They are
generated by mmixal
.
This trivial one-label, one-instruction file:
:Main TRAP 1,2,3 |
can be represented this way in mmo:
0x98090101 - lop_pre, one 32-bit word with timestamp. <timestamp> 0x98010002 - lop_loc, text segment, using a 64-bit address. Note that mmixal does not emit this for the file above. 0x00000000 - Address, high 32 bits. 0x00000000 - Address, low 32 bits. 0x98060002 - lop_file, 2 32-bit words for file-name. 0x74657374 - "test" 0x2e730000 - ".s\0\0" 0x98070001 - lop_line, line 1. 0x00010203 - TRAP 1,2,3 0x980a00ff - lop_post, setting $255 to 0. 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x980b0000 - lop_stab for ":Main" = 0, serial 1. 0x203a4040 See section 3.5.2 Symbol table format. 0x10404020 0x4d206120 0x69016e00 0x81000000 0x980c0005 - lop_end; symbol table contained five 32-bit words. |
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So it's a tree encoded as a stream of bytes. The stream of bytes acts on a single virtual global symbol, adding and removing characters and signalling complete symbol points. Here, we read the stream and create symbols at the completion points.
First, there's a control byte m
. If any of the listed bits
in m
is nonzero, we execute what stands at the right, in
the listed order:
(MMO3_LEFT)
0x40 - Traverse left trie.
(Read a new command byte and recurse.)
(MMO3_SYMBITS)
0x2f - Read the next byte as a character and store it in the
current character position; increment character position.
Test the bits of |
Let's look again at the lop_stab
for the trivial file
(see section 3.5.1 File layout).
0x980b0000 - lop_stab for ":Main" = 0, serial 1. 0x203a4040 0x10404020 0x4d206120 0x69016e00 0x81000000 |
This forms the trivial trie (note that the path between ":" and "M" is redundant):
203a ":" 40 / 40 / 10 \ 40 / 40 / 204d "M" 2061 "a" 2069 "i" 016e "n" is the last character in a full symbol, and with a value represented in one byte. 00 The value is 0. 81 The serial number is 1. |
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For areas that don't have such descriptors, synthetic sections are
formed by BFD. Consecutive contents in the two memory areas
`0x0000...00' to `0x01ff...ff' and
`0x2000...00' to `0x20ff...ff' are entered in
sections named .text
and .data
respectively. If an area
is not otherwise described, but would together with a neighboring
lower area be less than `0x40000000' bytes long, it is joined
with the lower area and the gap is zero-filled. For other cases,
a new section is formed, named .MMIX.sec.n
. Here,
n is a number, a running count through the mmo file,
starting at 0.
A loadable section specified as:
.section secname,"ax" TETRA 1,2,3,4,-1,-2009 BYTE 80 |
and linked to address `0x4', is represented by the sequence:
0x98080050 - lop_spec 80 0x00000002 - two 32-bit words for the section name 0x7365636e - "secn" 0x616d6500 - "ame\0" 0x00000033 - flags CODE, READONLY, LOAD, ALLOC 0x00000000 - high 32 bits of section length 0x0000001c - section length is 28 bytes; 6 * 4 + 1 + alignment to 32 bits 0x00000000 - high 32 bits of section address 0x00000004 - section address is 4 0x98010002 - 64 bits with address of following data 0x00000000 - high 32 bits of address 0x00000004 - low 32 bits: data starts at address 4 0x00000001 - 1 0x00000002 - 2 0x00000003 - 3 0x00000004 - 4 0xffffffff - -1 0xfffff827 - -2009 0x50000000 - 80 as a byte, padded with zeros. |
Note that the lop_spec wrapping does not include the section contents. Compare this to a non-loaded section specified as:
.section thirdsec TETRA 200001,100002 BYTE 38,40 |
This, when linked to address `0x200000000000001c', is represented by:
0x98080050 - lop_spec 80 0x00000002 - two 32-bit words for the section name 0x7365636e - "thir" 0x616d6500 - "dsec" 0x00000010 - flag READONLY 0x00000000 - high 32 bits of section length 0x0000000c - section length is 12 bytes; 2 * 4 + 2 + alignment to 32 bits 0x20000000 - high 32 bits of address 0x0000001c - low 32 bits of address 0x200000000000001c 0x00030d41 - 200001 0x000186a2 - 100002 0x26280000 - 38, 40 as bytes, padded with zeros |
For the latter example, the section contents must not be loaded in memory, and is therefore specified as part of the special data. The address is usually unimportant but might provide information for e.g. the DWARF 2 debugging format.
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However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. |
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts being list. |
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
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